Thus, the Soviet Union vetoed all the resolutions in the Security Council which did not aim for ceasefire and recognition of the will of East Pakistan's population. It is said that the money generated through smuggling of narcotics is used to keep terrorism and insurgency alive. 9. Refer M.J. Vinod, "Kashmir and India-Pakistan Relations: Problems and Prospects," Strategic Analysis, vol. The other side portrays a battlefield for Uncle Sam and China. In order to avoid dependence on one supplier, Pakistan gradually moved towards China. Refer Nisha Sahai Achuthan, Soviet Arms Transfer Policy in South Asia 1955-81 (New Delhi: Lancers International, 1988), pp. Understanding Pakistan’s irregular warfare is a study in itself and well beyond the scope of this article. The remaining roots of the proxy war are now in Pakistan and Pakistan occupied Kashmir. Shelton Kodikara, "South Asian Security Dilemmas in the Post-Cold War World" Bajpai and Cohen eds., n. 11, p. 54. NOW PLAYING: Travel Pakistan still fighting proxy wars, says Rajnath Singh, also targets China The Times of India The Russian statement is a deviation from its earlier official stand that the Kashmir issue should be discussed between India and Pakistan under the Simla Accord.30, China had supported Pakistan on Kashmir which had acted as a second front against India with whom it had a border demarcation problem leading to war in 1962. The Pakistani nuclear programme received a momentum by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. 28. Anarchy in the international arena has destroyed lives due to the demolition wreaked. Lead Stories 31. American fears and assumptions became more intense when India exploded a nuclear bomb in May 1974. India and Pakistan in the course of their foreign policy utilised the superpowers' rivalry to their advantage. Since the Pakistani nuclear programme is being substantially funded by Saudi Arabia and Libya, the Pakistani bomb acquired an "Islamic" or anti-Israeli character. The US sent "Task Force 74" headed by the nuclear powered carrier Enterprise and half a dozen other ships into the Bay of Bengal through the Straits of Malacca. It was a time when the imperialist nations, regardless of which side they were on during WWII, found a common interest in stopping the spread of Communism and seeking the destruction of the Soviet Union. Indian Express, July 8, 1989, and Telegraph, May 25, 1998. At one time, it looked as if a direct confrontation between the two external powers would take place in South Asia. The increasing numbers of refugees were a great concern to India because of its social and economic fallout. But when it comes to its neighbor, a realistic assessment reveals India’s capabilities are highly confined for various reasons. The Cold War tensions between India and Pakistan resulted in three wars over Kashmir. In phase one, low level insurgency in India was advocated which included planting people at key positions like police, financial institutions, etc; armed groups to be trained to meet the paramilitary forces; the lines of communications to be disrupted between Jammu and Kashmir; and exacerbation of anti-India feelings. Subsequently, the Soviets despatched a force of six vessels to the Indian Ocean. However, after the conduct of nuclear tests by both countries, the American Secretary of State, Madeleine Albright, said that the US was "re-examining the underlying political problems between India and Pakistan including Kashmir. In the 21st century, new formulas including proxy war play a pivotal role in indirectly engaging other countries. Today proxy warfare is best defined as sponsorship of conventional or irregular forces that lie outside the constitutional order of states. 26, no. Both sides presented different priorities of items on the agenda but later they agreed to a mutually acceptable draft for the agenda. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Rich Pakistan With Abdul Rehman 57,787 views 10:02 CCS Board of Education Special Session Meeting 08/06/2020 Caldwell County Schools Board of Education 563 watching 22. India was gradually opening up its market and liberalising its economy and the US companies could accrue benefits from the large Indian market. The US had supported Pakistan in the Security Council, and in 1957, had attempted to introduce a United Nations Force for Jammu and Kashmir which did not come into effect because of the Soviet veto. Pakistan claimed that the threat from India propelled it to conduct the nuclear tests. 133, p. 1605. With the global emphasis on geo-economics, the Sino-India and US-India relations have improved which could be affected by the nuclear explosions conducted by India. Pakistani diplomacy and military strategy were harnessed to seek active Western assistance, notably the US aid, by projecting the border dispute as a possible Indian hegemonic design abetted by the forces of Communism. Refer Abba Dixit, "India, Pakistan and the Great Powers" in Jasjit Singh ed., India and Pakistan: Crisis of Relationship (New Delhi: Lancers International, 1990), p. 21. The 1971 War had witnessed the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea as the theatre of war. The Pakistan Institute of Science and Technology established at Nilore, near Rawalpindi, in 1965, provided research and training facilities for scientists and technicians in the country. 12, March 1997, p. 1603. Eventually, the Indian act to seek aid from the former Soviet Union brought both the protagonists of the Cold War into the region. India accuses Pakistan only and refuses its involvement in Afghanistan while the Pakistani and Afghan officials repeatedly discussed the solutions to the proxy war. They have created tensions here, and have also helped in resolving some tensions; they have created problems but have kept them from escalating into unmanageable propositions. Refer Robert G. Wirsing, India, Pakistan, and the Kashmir Dispute: On Regional Conflict and its Resolution (London: Macmillan Press, 1994), p. 107. 27. Refer POT (P), vol. The spread of fundamentalism in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Jammu and Kashmir can spread to China's areas lying close to them and exacerbate its already prevalent ethnic problem in the Xinjiang province. The disintegration of the Soviet Union brought an end to the Cold War politics and a shift in the policies of the US, Russia, and China towards the region. China is still a key player in providing arms to Pakistan. 21, no. India, too, has played a significant role in Afghanistan and, as alleged by the security establishment, inside Pakistan, particularly in Balochistan but also in Fata and other parts. The Russian policy towards the subcontinent also underwent some changes. India finds the NPT discriminative between the nuclear haves and have-nots. When that happens Pakistan feels that it must be in position to install a friendly regime in Kabul, one that will expel the Indian advisors, spies, diplomats, contactors, etc and provide a potentially friendly area to the rear of Pakistan in the event of another major war with India. Above and beyond the internal power struggle, the conflict has acquired the character of a proxy war in which international, regional and subna-tional conflicts are fought out. The national urge to occupy areas with prominent Muslim demographic pattern, notably Kashmir, is one of the primary aims of Pakistani foreign policy and military strategy. Only cooperation can help in fostering peace and cooperation in the region. The arms embargo fell heavily on Pakistan as it was dependent on American supplies. Pakistan pronounced its nuclear option as a defensive measure to forestall the nuclear blackmail and hegemony of India.15. 20. The strong business lobby has urged the US not to impose sanctions against India. America had been constantly supplying weapons to Pakistan in pursuance of its policy of the Containment of Communism which was further aggravated by the presence of the Soviets in Afghanistan and the collapse of its Iranian ally. 12. Shukla, India and Pakistan: The Origins of Armed Conflict (New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications, 1984), p. 13. The Recent Constitutional and Legal Debates, the Latest Constitutional Amendments and Important Legislations, Legal Cases and the Role of Higher Courts. President Ayub was convinced that this would upset the Indo-Pak military balance and India might use the arms provided by the US against Pakistan. 26. It has become a hot-bed for regional and global proxy wars. 35. It was believed that the Indian nuclear weapons would compel China and Pakistan to change their attitude of hostility towards India. External factors of instability in Pakistan – troubled alliances in war Mohammad Waqas Sajjad* Introduction Boasting as many „firsts‟ as it is guilty of, Pakistan has been in the limelight for a significant part of its short history. The Cold War era was a new phase for international capital as it saw the advent of nuclear weapons and the beginning stages of proxy warfare. In the same year, the Pakistan Atomic Research Reactor was established with the help of the USA and it functions under the safeguards of the International Atomic Energy Agency. 2. Proxy wars are the product of a relationship between a benefactor, who is a state or non-state actor external to the dynamic of an existing conflict, and the chosen proxies who are the conduit for the benefactor’s weapons, training and funding. Vajpayee and pin-up. Turkey shot down the fighter planes of Russia in Syria. Rajan, India's Foreign Policy and Relations (New Delhi: South Asian Publishers, 1985), pp. China has always considered it the sovereign right of any nation to develop its own nuclear weapons.31 However, after the nuclear tests conducted by India, China reacted strongly and urged the US to take stringent measures against India. The Indian subcontinent, by virtue of its geo-strategic location and population, for many years has been a central area of the Great Power struggle for influence. Refer The Pioneer, May 12, 1998 and The Statesman, May 14, 1998. Japan has cut aid worth $26 million to India. 29. 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Pakistan has also been cultivating relations with the Muslims of the Terai and India through setting up Muslim organisations which not only impart training and religious education but also foment anti-India activities. The Prime Ministers of India and Pakistan met at Tashkent on January 3, 1966. Both sides agreed to the ceasefire line in 1949. The Indo-Pakistan War started on December 3 which also witnessed the active involvement of the Great Powers. The Soviets constantly issued protest notes to Pakistan that the US air bases in Pakistan had a direct bearing on their security. 19, no. Terms & Conditions, Copyright © 2020 Daily Times Website Developed By Daily Times Developers. The plan was codenamed "Topac" after Topac Amru, an Inca prince who fought an unconventional war against the Spanish rule in 18th century Uruguay. Refer Dieter Brown, The Indian Ocean: Region of Conflict or "Zone of Peace"? Sodhi "Living with Neighbours: Pakistan" Defence Today, vol. 14. 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